ummm I couldn't find the title. Can you confirm the TitleID? I think it is 0004013020004202.
Edit: nvm found it.
Edit 2: I tried looking for the TitleID given in the error screen but I don't find it in FBI. And uninstalling the title 0004013020004202 gave me the error in screenshot below at boot (which I fixed by restoring a NAND backup I had on my SD).
When you say super stable 3D hasn't been working, what exactly do you mean by that? It's just not tracking you at all and acting like an o3DS would? Cause that would definitely sound like a faulty front camera, it's happened to some people and seems to be the root of that error message as well.
Yup my Super Stable 3D is not working. It gives me a message saying Super Stable 3D is not functioning correctly when I calibrate it in System Settings. Additionally, whenever I put my system to sleep mode, it never wakes up, or occasionally does after a long time. Also, when I open the camera app, it takes an annoyingly long time to load and after it loads it just shows a black screen instead of what the camera sees (and if I switch between camera modes it just crashes). I believe my system has suffered some physical damage.

Edit 3: I have concluded that my front and rear facing cameras are broken, as a result of which the QTM process fails to work. Thus Super Stable 3D doesn't work anymore. Also, I also noted that whenever my system boots into to AGB_FIRM or TWL_FIRM, the QTM process is triggered and since my cameras are broken, the error screen appears. Tested this not just with TWiLight Menu++, but also GBA VC titles and a legit NDS cartridge I own. All boot to the same error screen.
FINAL EDIT: HURRAY FIXED THE PROB! I basically turned off the Arm11 Exception Handlers in Luma settings and the issue is gone! FOR GOOD!
