Typical beginner party would be the premade characters that you can initially pick up at Patty's. Now I'm not saying you have to pickup those exact people, but their classes are typically for a beginner. You have Warrior, Mage and Priest.
Now the warrior can easily be replaced by a Martial Artist who gains quite a bit of agility and can become a very broken class if you go for the skill mastery in Focus. Martial artist also gets Fans which seems to be the weapon of choice in a lot of videos from Japan. The Martial Artist also is cheaper to outfit than a Warrior, but most of his armor isn't quite as good as a Warrior can equip. MA's coup de Grace makes the enemy miss a turn and raises tension
Now if you want a fast character who doesn't quite hit as hard as Martial Artist or Warrior you can go with a Thief, who gains good points in agility and Deftness, this class also gains the ability to steal from an enemy, but it seems to be a very low chance unless the enemy is asleep. Coup de Grace the enemey will leave an item drop at the end of battle.
The Mage gains good attack spells and is very agile. But is also very fragile.
The Priest can equip some good armor and is really tough with the weapon choice. They can do decent damage with spears, but some of the wand skills better fit the class. Coup De Grace Heals all party members both health and from status ailments.
Then you have the Ministrel which is a Fighter/Mage/Priest hybrd. He's literally a Jack of All trades and Master of N'un. Also I personally like the Ministrel's coup de grace since it allows him to counterattack and deal a critical hit.
I forget the Warrior's coup de grace and haven't used a Mage enough to know its coup de grace.
But if you're a beginner the basice three classes I'd suggest would be either a warrior or Martial Artist and a Priest and Mage to go along wth your hero as a Ministrel.