Retail windows is in a downward spiral ever since the release of Vista/7, which, to be honest, are "pretty good" even if a bit bloated with Aero... (Biggest sin was breaking Directsound3d & Directdraw)
I run 7 ("Thin PC", so embedded based) on an old Aspire One 722 netbook and it's enough for my needs - "Edge Enterprise" is your friend.
Windows 8 & 10 are "passable" enough for modern UEFI only PCs (Intel Macs from 2012 onward)
On a work device I had to use Windows 10 and IMHO it was so damn bloated.
But it's nothing compared to Windows 11... What an awful OS. At least the TPM requirement saves people with old PCs with having an auto update to this piece of shit.
Just do the ESU trick and stay on 10.
NOTE:
Unless, like, you need modern software (just use latest retail Win10 then...) Enterprise LTSB 2016 is the "best" Windows 10 version, before they broke old fullscreen games with their "exclusive mode optimization" and bloated the OS even more. A friend runs it on Atom+SSD and it is near Win7+HDD speeds. I also tested it on my netbook (we're talking sub / around 1ghz speeds) and found it acceptable enough.
You can run latest Firefox ESR this way - just use a decent lightweight AV suite like paid Spybot or disable defender with Defender control - else your CPU gets hammered hard and you can't do shit.
---
Server editions? (
Note: not for the faint of heart - everything runs as an admin with no UAC by default)
Now that's another story - Server 2025, which I installed for a friend, is good!
One-use product keys are cheap, no TPM requirements and runs like a champ on an old Bulldozer machine.
For some god unknown reason MS chose to bundle the Bluetooth stack on the server editions (??? no really, the hell? Who uses BT of all things in a server environment...) so he games on it with a Series X controller (pad driver on server editions requires manual installation, transplanting files from a windows 10 machine, iirc it was detailed on a blog post by a Chinese person)
One small change between Server & Consumer editions of windows is the DEP policy which defaults to ALL on the former and ONLY OS on the latter - to be honest, you should use ALL even in consumer windows, but older programs can crash if DEP is applied indiscriminately so a "bcdedit.exe /set nx optin" may be necessary.
MTP (If I remember correctly it wasn't available before, last time I checked was with server 2012 r2) also works, so you can connect and manage smartphones by USB.
Obviously, expect some software to bitch about (not many... only had to help with a HP printer setup) and refuse to install. As long as you're smart (unpack installer, install driver files manually or edit setup script) enough you can bypass everything. No issues since the install (dec. 2024) elsewise I would've gotten a phone call
