Woah, first time I see something like that, everything looks normal instead of the mouse...
Well, I don't know much about Windows since it has been many years since I ever used it, but maybe you could try changing the cursor's skin and see how it does or changing the resolution to see if it looks worse on lower resolutions or it starts to look normal, if it gets fixed with worse resolutions the problem might be just the mouse texture, probably getting fixed by changing its skin or maybe rescaling it, if it keeps happening as you say, you could try automating a script that resizes your mouse everytime you boot, this isn't a good fix but it should work fine.
Additionally, you could check your graphics driver, it could be just that.
Also... If you are on a laptop, try disabling the touchpad? I can't explain why, but I remember my Windows cursor graphically misbehaving with weird mouse devices attached, in my case it was a graphical tablet, but maybe (if you even have one) your touchpad is dying and it makes your mouse to look like that.
Hope that helps! I see that you are on Windows 10, so you could try Linux or reinstalling Windows in dual boot and slowly transition if nothing fixes the issue, that would be what I would recommend doing, but I understand that you might not want to install an entire OS because of your mouse, but at least if you decide to try Linux, I could be much more helpful...