You're all naming approaches towards religion and not a religion or chapter.
I believe the OP reffers to Presbyterianism, faith shared by most Puritan settlers in America, having its roots in Calvinism. (circa 1600 A.D)
Presbyterians were persecuted in Europe due to their belief that no man should take functions that, for them, were typically God's. They were anti-clerical, did not respect the authority of the pope or bishops and believed that religion should evolve into an institution and become National rather than remain controlled by the clergy. These were radical views at the time and to save their lives they had to migrate to the dangerous lands of America and start new lives there. This also fitted their belief that they are The Chosen Nation, they percieved America as the New Jerusalem - their voyage was thus Holy.
They lived humble lives as they believed that collecting goods in this life lessens their focus on spiritual life. They also shared the beliefs of Predestination and lived according to the rules of T.U.L.I.P (Total Depravity, Unconditional Election, Limited Attonement, Irresistible Grace and Perseverence of the Saints). In short, the basis of their religion was that God already chose who shall be damned and who will enter Heaven, those saints lived among them and their status of a saint could not be taken away from them. It couldn't be gained by a non-saint either. A "saint" was believed to lead a life of a saint anyways, because he or she was predestined to lead such a life.
Obviously much has changed in the Presbyterian Church since then, but I believe this fits the description best.
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