If you have not read
http://gbatemp.net/threads/densetsus-translation-toolbox.311523/ then I would, though it sounds like you could move to Japan tomorrow and do OK which means you can probably do OK here. Equally if it is what motivates you to learn more then carry on, obviously game text is largely informal but that probably will not matter in this instance.
"I found "STAROCEAN" in English..."
In that case you technically did work backwards from the text. I would urge a bit of caution there (English word/phrase in all caps in a Japanese game) as often you can put the time in to find you have a very clear understanding of the end credits, title screen or game menu and the game text is an entirely different matter.
As for finding a table without the text data/location then it is the considerably harder method in most cases. On systems like the DS there is a common font format called ntfr that has the encodings for a given character available and you can then type it, OCR it or do whatever it is you want to do. On older systems though you would probably find the font in memory, work backwards to find the code that rendered it in that order and then work through all the code that decodes the text.
Even if a hacker is doing that though then rather than work through the font/decode code then most people would then look at the text itself as you likely have the text location from the font stuff (part of it would have said copy this part of the ROM into memory and decode it using this, if you have the "copy this part of the ROM" thing then you have the text) and just fill in the blanks, tweak a few things to see what falls out or do whatever else you want to do.
All the above stuff is usually reserved for games which have things stopping the more traditional find the text (by corruption, relative search, pointer search, some statistical method, inferring/elimination.....) methods from working. Japanese games do see more of the complex stuff by virtue of relative search being less effective in Japanese but I would probably still not jump right to it.
On the matter of tools I have not been through the romhacking.net start stuff in the last couple of years but it should still have been OK for newer systems -- it is mainly game specific and really old stuff that would trouble newer versions of windows (usually be being visual basic based or possibly actually needing the 16 bit DOS sub systems). The tools I link up/cover in my guide should generally only maybe see some DLL errors, save perhaps a few of the cheat tools.