Science:
Exact language, peer reviewed, falsification based, follows validity, reliability, and reproducibility as concepts. (Is what i measure valid. Are my measurements reliable. Can others reproduce those concepts. (Remove other factors.))
Religion:
Dogma, poetic language
Here is how a religious argument goes. I'm right, because the book said so. I'm better, because I can interpret the book better. (And thats not just 'learned proof' thats their ultimate proof.) I wasn't supposed to know that, because god. Their language is as inexact as possible - something is correct, because the love of Jesus Christ our lord tells us so. Wait, what?
The entire catholic church has maybe half an order that follows a critical thinking approach to problem description.
They derive their power from relics for gods sake (1000s of pieces of the cross of Jesus Christ, that miraculously survived, strains of st. maries hair, they have people chant in groups, they use psychoactive soft drugs in public ceremonies (Frankincense in the catholic church). When they have a problem in doctrine, they congregate to discuss it. Then come up with new doctrine. Half of their legacy was burning books to remove prior knowledge from this earth. They make you do solilequies and memorize stances.
Here is what religion is conceptually.
Someone got a book (think of it at the latest model of iPhone before it is mass produced
). Faked, that they could read it. Got power over a bunch of morons that were more stupid than them. Build a house. Made people give them gifts. Displayed the most astonishing gifts, so others would be impressed. Invited everyone to weekly congregations where people brainwash themselves (chants, murmors, drugs, ..) and become 'open to teachings'. When people asked - "you can't make me do that" questions, they deferrerd to hell in the afterlife. While selling absolution tickets to the rich. They burned knowledge (to establish new gods), tortured and held wars over believe systems.
They address the irrational, emotional in human beings (universal love, higher love, abstract love, truth through love) - which is fine, but its still something you chose to focus on. They pray. They use reliques. They use processions. They use the effect of masses. (Look around, so many people are here. Or nowadays - isnt it a shame, how few people are here.) They use rituals. (Science does as well - but mostly in transitioning you from scholar into practitioner.)
Here is what enlightenment scholars did. "Your doctrine has no power over us, people can be made better humans not by "you just got to believe" but by questioning things." Thats basically the difference. That an a few modes of 'dealing with knowledge' in science you go by the premise that a theory is a theory, and only true as long as someone hasnt proven it wrong. In religion, you go by "we already know everything - its in the book".
"And moses got two stone tablets from the lord, after he came down from the mountain, thats so hight, that most of you will never climb it. Look how high the mountain is. Wait - look - a burning bush. Its a sign from god!"
Now - tapping into the irrational and dealing with that - has its positives as well. But to derive modes of action, and 'truth's from it - kind of, not ideal.
Also from a collective power approach, always deal with the poor and the less able, so you don't get in conflict with worldly powers - much. And if you do - survive for maybe a few decades. (Meaning, they never were great at running states. Their power literally comes from collecting money at congregations, and getting the heritage of lonely people - then amassing that over time, by telling your priest sect, they cant't marry - and in the end everything falls back to the church. Think of it. Once theirs - always theirs. Unless wars come along.)