Porting official translations between systems is possible, in some cases can make things easier but usually makes things harder, especially on systems with vastly varying power and resolution (a 1920x1080 game on the PS4 vs 960x544 on the vita, if they are going to halve the screen space available that is going to change how the text is placed on the screen or how much of it there is) .
If the file structure is similar then that can give a slight clue to would be hackers. Finding out what files house the data you want is not a usually long process though. Such things are of limited use for figuring out their actual encoding/data representation/format though, or at least not likely to accelerate it much for a skilled hacker.
Likely the only real use is for a hacker that does not know the relevant languages is trying to get something done and can spend ages playing copy-paste in the right places. If they can get a translator (or are one) then that is by far the better method.
Beyond all this the script would then be owned by whomever translated the game originally and that gets tricky under copyright.
Cartridges tend to be called ROMs for the Read Only Memory they contain so no carts. Some hacked systems have means to replace files as they are pulled from the cart (classically the game genie did this, more recently we have seen things for the 3ds and Switch do it, a lot of update formats for consoles also do something like this) but I don't know what the Vita has here.
To that end most will probably end up running a patched version of the ROM on a hacked system or emulator, the ripped data in your wording.
