There are a couple of minigames in the Rub Rabbits/Feel the Magic/project rub series and some (kind of) in Warioware that can do what you ask for.
There are also a few fairly obscure Japanese games that have rythm sections whose names currently elude me, they are not really worth much of a go anyhow.
I belive pop idol and such junk also litter the GBA and these are rythm/timing based.