
Far as I know, as of 10 series, the chips are basically the same now, but on large, roomy, airy real estate of a PCIE board you can push em infinitely harder by not blowing them up, so thanks to overclocking they work better. Laptop CPUs, are still laptop level and become major bottlenecks for the GPU chips, so it again doubles down on potential peak performance. If you solve the cooling of a laptop GPU, you can remove 1 of the 2 bottlenecks at least.

Fun fact - BEFORE my Clevo/Sager with a literal .5LB copper thiccccc heat piping, I tried an ASUS 15" with a mere 1060 and guess what? ASUS came with an under-powered PSU, so you can guess what that would cause, but BEST thing ever was the fact that you HAD to have the lid open even when using a TV because the cooling design was SO piss-poor, that a major inlet was a crack that the lid would block if closed, thus causing the entire pos thing to thermally shut down after maybe 16-20 min of gaming. NEVER buy ASUS crap.That's pretty much it. They get basically* the same GPU (meaning the processor of the graphics card) of the desktop counterpart they're named after. However, they won't perform the same because laptops are much more constrained when it comes to factors such as available electrical power and the difficulty of dissipating heat. So they're going to run under quite lower speeds and bandwidth. But at least you know what features you get (e.g. what version of DLSS is available, things like that), and generally what architecture the graphics solution is based on.
For example in your case, OP, getting a laptop with a 3060 will not be a portable version of your desktop.
To get an idea of how close (or distant) the mobile version is, you could search for a video showing how the mobile version of the 3060 (or whatever you're considering to buy) performs in games. Try to compare the performance of a game you know well and have played on your desktop. That should give you a feel for how much you're compromising performance for potability. From then it's up to you whether that's acceptable.
(* I don't know that they're guaranteed to be e.g. the same actual die or whatever. But even then they might be cut in more ways than clock speeds.)