They do, well, I don't know about Debian since I haven't tried it on Mac, it should work as they support ARM, but Ubuntu does work, I installed it for a friend I used to have. It was the WORST ever experience installing an OS, had to follow many guides cause I am not used to Mac and the way (at least the bootloader, recovery etc.) it works was extremely confusing to me, but it does work.
Also I honestly don't know what Asashi is and it only shows sushi when I search it on the internet...
That is still really basic usage, YouTube is a bit heavy for some low resource computers, but I talk about free government computers with 1GB or RAM and that kind of computers, honestly, if a 800€ recent laptop cannot handle it or struggles, I wouldn't try anything further and directly sell it and buy a second hand 'normal' laptop. Again, I don't want to hate or anything Apple users but for less 800€ you can get almost the best gaming laptops of the market (however might not be right now cause of the shortages) like my sister's one, and with 300€ you can buy a new light laptop to work like the one I am writing this on, who has been with me for 5 years and is still able to run all the games I want with pretty decent graphics.
If you REALLY wanted to use MacOS in a Macbook, it is fine to pay those 800€ even if its not nearly as good in other aspects as a 'regular' computer could be, but if you are going to use Linux and you can't even do the most basic stuff... There is no reason to use it. My most honest solution is to sell it for around 400-500€ that people is willing to pay and buy a second hand laptop with that money, there you can install any distro without worries about compatibility and get a way better experience using it.
However, I know chances are that you won't even consider it, but the only thing I can suggest is that you actually try what I already said, use one of the distros that I suggested and a light, private browser to enchance the social media usage you say, I would recommend using Helium Browser and proxies like Invidious for Youtube or Redlib for Reddit, or free yourself and use their Fediverse alternatives like PeerTube or Lemmy, that would make you better than the capitalist ones, I at least find them much better.
Good luck.