I've tried formatting that way and with linux on two microsd's. Do your vitas turn off when inserting or removing the adapter?Did you use the zzBlank.img file to clean the SD before formatting it as exFAT on windows?
Try this tutorial:
http://wololo.net/2017/07/20/setting-sd2vita-adapter-formatting-microsd-can-done-windows/
If trying to follow that tutorial, and your SD card doesn't work, then you need another one, as it might be damaged.