Thing is, there are such 'teachings' in all monotheist religions. And please, Muhammad isn't even the only prophet in Islam. If you did know Islam you would know that Quran also tells about Jesus, Moses etc. And that you can find in Quran the exact opposite of Jihadism. Anybody could take random violent sentences in Torah or New Testament or whatever and build a Christian pendant of Jihadism from scratch. And the problem is that you think terrorists etc. are Muslim in the first place, and that's a huge mistake. In France, young 'radicalized Muslims' who go blow themselves up in Syria are at 50% not Muslims in the first place. There are fragile atheist, Jews, Christians who get convinced by nasty people to convert themselves to what they are taught is Islam and fall in Jihadism.
Sorry if this thread is too old but I just noticed your response. Let me comment on a few things:
1) You use the word Islamophobia. I find it funny how in Paris after the terror attacks people went to the streets demonstrating that they are not afraid, people said they need to be united, they are against Islamophobia blabla. Then all of a sudden there is a suspicious noise and EVERYONE keeps running like a herd of sheep from a few wolves. That's pathetic. Every time I see terror attacks on the news I sarcastically say "Look at these Islamophobes running away. Don't they know Islam is a religion of peace?"
2) You claim I don't know about Islam. Actually I read the Quran several times, as well as significant portions of Sahih Bukhari and Sahih Muslim, as well as common commentators like Ibn Kathir. What about you? I didn't read in Arabic but there are good websites with word by word translations, explanation of grammar etc. I know about the differences between translations (which one is more exact etc) and if I want to know about a specific phrase, I don't shy away from checking and comparing up to 10 translations in different languages.
3) You say that "such teachings" can be found in all monotheistic religion. Yes and no. I'm not here to defend other religions. In a way you are right, all monotheistic religions have a tendency to exclude members of other religious, show intolerance and have a history of or a fantasy about violence. Not sure about Zoroastrians (traditional Persian religion) but they are irrelevant today anyway.
BUT Islam is unique. Martyrdom in Christianity meant (and means today in African / Middle Eastern countries) to die for your faith. E.g. Muslims catch you and hold a knife to your head. Will you deny Christ? According to the New Testament, you should not. You get killed for "his glory" and go to heaven.
Roughly 600 years later the Quran comes along and says "They fight in the name of Allah, they slay and are slain" (+ various sayings by Muhammad e.g. that he would love to die in Jihad, be resurrected and die in Jihad again and so on). -> Killing and being killed for your faith. The Quran even allows its followers to deny being a Muslim in a dangerous situation (which is smart).
Christian history adopted the "killing for your faith" idea during the crusades (which by the way was a pathetic counter attack after hundreds of years of losing territory to the Muslims, see today's Near East and North Africa), but they have nothing to do with the original founder (be it Jesus or Paul) of the religion. So reforms always have a chance to make Christianity peaceful again. Reforms cannot make Islam peaceful because Islam was violent from the beginning (Islamic time reckoning starts with Medina, i.e. Muhammad gets political/military power). Muhammad: powerful and therefor violent. Jesus/Paul: powerless (and therefore?) peaceful.
4) The only way for Islam to become peaceful is to relativize it. Not surprisingly secular Muslims have less motivation to kill and get killed. For the vast majority of Christians (at least in the west) the thought of dying for Christ by not denying him seems stupid and horrific. Very few Christians would actually go out and leave their family and property to live a life as a poor wandering missionary - even though that's what Christ taught and how Jesus/Paul lived! Similarly most Muslims actually prefer THIS life.
5) Which brings me to converts: As you correctly stated, many radical Muslims have become radical only a few years/months/weeks before dying for their faith. That's natural! Converts in all religions feel like they have to prove themselves.
As for those who had been "bad Muslims" before (i.e. drinking alcohol, partying etc): Once they get radicalized they realize how much bad deeds they have collected. They don't know if they can make it to heaven even if they become very devote from now on. Some are so desperate that they die in Jihad as it is a guaranteed ticket to paradise.
-> So yes, Islam has a lot to do with it. People who love this life (e.g. rich people) have less incentive/motivation to die for their faith but without the Islamic belief (which I just mentioned) people don't become suicide bombers. Do you know how many poor Hindus there are in India? How many poor Buddhists all over South-East Asia? How come they are not constantly in the news because they blew themselves up? Social exclusion is only one piece of the puzzle - albeit it an important one. The other one is Islam.
Looking forward to your response.