17.10 is newer and so will have newer versions of the packages in it, but since it's not LTS it will require upgrading to newer versions when they become available in order to stay up to date with security updates. I would suggest using the latest version for home use because it's important to have the latest versions of packages for compatibility reasons and dealing with a yearly upgrade really isn't much of a problem. LTS makes more sense on a server that needs to be reliable and secure 100% of the time.
I'm not really recommending anything. But if you're a new Linux user coming from Windows I think Ubuntu (or one of its flavors, Xubuntu, Kubuntu, or Ubuntu Mate which all have different desktop environments preinstalled) or Linux Mint makes the most sense as a starting point. Other than that, it's up to you to find what you like the best.
Plus, a lot of instructions you find online are designed for Debian and its derivatives (including Ubuntu and Mint) so it makes things easier if you're using one of those. Once you're a bit more familiar with Linux you can experiment with other distros.