Various programs will allow you to assign effects to a keyboard (musical or computery) and play them accordingly.
More generally most music sequencers will allow you to build up a bunch of samples and call that a library to call as you will. Depending upon how many samples you can possibly even do it with a wave editor but that gets unwieldy past about 9 of them, however the sorts of effects you can apply to those samples is probably going to be more than sequencers.
In open source world then the default sequencer program most start with is openmpt
https://openmpt.org/
On samples and openmpt
https://wiki.openmpt.org/Manual:_Setup/Samples
Might need to clip, fiddle with volume and alter with an editor like audacity
https://www.audacityteam.org/ (also being the editor I would use if I were to do a small number of samples mix).
Some might point you more in the DJ direction if you prefer to play samples over a backing beat
https://mixxx.org/
Others will split the difference between dj, simple sequencer and audio editor and try to twist a digital audio workstation into something that works here. Not sure what I would suggest for open source here as a general thing (there are several options that do good stuff) but ableton live is a good proprietary one you will possibly find some people around here capable of using as it has a fair following in game circles.
If you start getting more into the world of sequenced audio you will also want to start looking more into various input methods. I already mentioned keyboards which often have midi output, and there are plenty of things people use here but in this case midi sampler is probably a good start (korg midi sampler being if not the gold standard then a standard for many).