Yes, however several buts and notes arise.
As mentioned above it is electricity in the end so something will power if done properly. Properly is the tricky bit though.
Fuses might not work -- power = current multiplied by voltage (we will skip the full AC what is power factor bit as it is still that in the end). Excess power pops a fuse. If the voltage is half the rated one then you get half the power and fuses in turn will not go pop. You might be able to do some kind of half rating or beef up an American fuse (which will not be in the standard form factors) but... yeah.
By similar token if for some reason you are using a socket with a neon lamp in it (mostly for things like kitchen gear and shower switches but there are still a few out there with lit up switches on sockets) then it might be troubled. I am also assuming you are not going to be using triac based dimmer switches as those will have fun cut off voltages and do odd things under 120VAC, if you are super flush and going for autotransformer/basically a variac then they will still do something. The current fad for USB sockets and wireless signal booster sockets can also be troubled (doubt any are dual voltage rated, and you probably don't want to be messing around with transformers inside the things).
Fuses are mainly about protecting the circuit and not you so you could dodge that, speaking of protecting you...
There is such a thing as a three pin socket in the US, however traditionally there were two and you could plug it in either way around (the thing about AC means that it will be going one way or the other in this case 60 times a second*). The two pin form is however still incredibly common and while technically there is a standard... I can't even begin to count how many I saw wired inversely over the years when there. To that end when replacing sockets do be sure you put the live in the live pin, and you may have to invent an earth.
Oh yeah and while there are various flavours of interrupter they are different in some ways, can still achieve something like the UK style protection where basically anything anybody will meet these days**. They also use radials but meh -- while rings are still technically installed in a lot of places I can't even begin to count the number of breaks in them when pulling apart houses in the UK and many these days go straight for the radials anyway.
Another thing to note is while I would happily put a properly rated bit of UK kit ahead of anything else for single phase use (the lack of domestic three phase is quite annoying for me), save standing on it at night for which it is ahead of Lego and only marginally behind board with a nail in it, it is still not US code. To that end your insurance, building inspections and the like might be troubled and if the house burns down and they see that then... it might not have been the fault of it but you can assume you will be fighting that and insurance will do all they can to wipe their hands of it ("we fight the case in our best interest" being the motto of insurance companies, even if that is not the literal translation of uberrimae fidei).
*The UK is 50Hz which is actually more demanding (see duty cycle if you are bored there, mostly just means US stuff only rated for 60Hz can be troubled even if rated for the voltage and a few things that use the AC pulse as a timer).
**my brother went to a house viewing a while back for an old hoarder's house. Still had an exposed knife switch above the bedroom door that the clueless estate agent was fumbling with.
